Intshayelelo
I-phospholipids yiklasi ye-lipids ezizinto ezibalulekileyo ze-membrane zeseli. Ulwakhiwo lwabo olukhethekileyo, olubandakanya intloko ye-hydrophobic kunye nemisila emibini ye-hydrophobic, ivumela i-phospholipids ukwenza umsebenzi we-bilayer, ukusebenza njengesithintelo esahlula iziqulatho zangaphakathi zeseli evela kwindawo yeselula. Le ndima yesakhiwo ibalulekile ekugcineni ingqibelelo kunye nokusebenza kweeseli kuzo zonke izinto eziphilayo.
Ukubonakalisa ukubhengeza kunye nonxibelelwano ziinkqubo ezibalulekileyo ezenza ukuba iiseli zinxibelelane kunye kunye nendawo esihlala kuyo, ivumela iimpendulo ezilungelelanisiweyo kwi-Stemiuli. Iiseli zinokulawula ukukhula, uphuhliso, kunye nemisebenzi emininzi yomzimba kwezi nkqubo. Iimpawu ezisayiniweyo zibandakanya ukuhambisa imiqondiso, ezinjenge-hormons okanye i-neurotransmitters, ezifunyanwa zii-receptors kwi-combrane, zibangela i-cascade yeziganeko eziza kukhokelela kwimpendulo ethile.
Ukuqonda indima ye-phospholiids kwi-Phospholiids kwiSeli yokutyikitya kunye nonxibelelwano kubaluleke kakhulu ngokungaveliyo ubunzima bendlela iiseli ezinxibelelana ngayo kunye nokulungelelanisa imisebenzi yazo. Oku kuqonda kube neziphumo ezifikelela kude kumasimi ahlukeneyo, kubandakanya i-biology yeseli, i-pharmacology, kunye nophuhliso lweendlela ezijolise kwizifo ezininzi kunye neziphazamiso. Ngokuhlala phantsi kwi-Inricate Perplay phakathi kwePispilids kunye neSeli esayinelayo, sinokufumana ukuqonda kwiinkqubo ezisisiseko ezilawula indlela yokuziphatha kakuhle kunye nomsebenzi.
II. Ubume bePhospholipids
A. Inkcazo yolwakhiwo lwePhospholipid:
Iphospholipids ziimolekyuli ze-amprighcucuc, okuthetha ukuba zinazo zombini i-hydrophilic (enomtsalane) kunye ne-hydrophobic (ephindaphinda amanzi). Isakhiwo esisisiseko se-phospholipid iqulathe i-Glyceculale iboshwe kwii-acid ezimbini ezinamafutha atyebileyo kunye ne-phosphate enentloko. Imisila ye-hydrophobic, iqulethe imixokelelwane ye-acid ye-acid, yenzelwa ngaphakathi kwi-lipid bilayer, ngelixa amaqela eNtloko ye-Hydrophilic esebenzisana namanzi kwimimandla engaphakathi nangaphandle ye-membrane. Eli lungiselelo likhethekileyo livumela i-phospholipids ukuze idibane ne-bilayer, kunye nemisila ye-hydrophobic kwi-hydrophobic ngaphakathi kunye neentloko ze-hydrophilic ezijongene neseli.
B. Indima yePhosphelipid Bilayer kwi-membrane:
I-phospipid bilayer yinxalenye ebaluleke kakhulu ye-membrane ye-membrane, ibonelela ngesithintelo esifanelekileyo esilawula ukuhamba kwezinto ngaphakathi nangaphandle kweseli. Olu tshintsho lokukhetha lubalulekile ekugcineni imeko yangaphakathi yeseli kwaye ibalulekile kwiinkqubo ezinje ngokupheliswa kwesondlo, ukupheliswa kwenkunkuma, kunye nokukhuseleka kwiiarhente eziyingozi. Ngaphandle kwendima yayo yesakhiwo, i-phospholipid idlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekubonakaliseni kunye nonxibelelwano.
Imodeli ye-Flweid Mosaic ye-membrane, ecetywayo yimvumi kunye neNicolson ngo-1972, igxininisa imeko ye-membrane, ineeproteli ezihambayo, kunye neeprotein ezahlukeneyo zisasazeke kuyo yonke i-bipid bilayer. Esi sakhiwo sinamandla sisisiseko sokuqhutywa komqondiso kunye nonxibelelwano. Ii-receptors, Iindlela ze-IOI, kunye nezinye iiproteni zingeniswe ngaphakathi kwi-phospholipid bilayer kwaye ibalulekile ekuqondeni imiqondiso yangaphandle kwaye idlulisele kwiseli yeseli.
Ngapha koko, iipropathi zomzimba zephospholipids, ezinje ngolwelo lwazo kunye nokukwazi ukwenza iirafili ze-lipid, zinefuthe lombutho kunye nokusebenza kweeproteni ze-membrane ezibandakanyeka kwiseli echaphazelekayo. Ukuziphatha okuguqukayo kwe-phospholipids kuchaphazela indawo kunye nomsebenzi weeproteni zokusayina, ngaloo ndlela ichaphazela ubuso kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kweendlela zomqondiso.
Ukuqonda ubudlelwane phakathi kwePhosphelipids kunye nesakhiwo se-membrane kunye nomsebenzi sineziphumo ezibi kwiinkqubo ezininzi zebhayiloji, kubandakanya neesecholi, uphuhliso kunye nezifo. Ukudityaniswa kwe-phology biology esebenzisa uphando oluqhelekileyo lokufumana iiselfowuni kuyaqhubeka nokufumana ulwazi olunzima kwi-intristacagees yoNxibelelwano lweSeli kwaye sithembise ukuphuhliswa kwezicwangciso zobuchule bonyango.
III. Indima yePhospholipids kwiSeli
A. Phospholipps njengoko ibonisa iimolekyuli
Iphospholipps, njengendawo ebalaseleyo ye-membrane yeseli, ivele ivele njengemolekyuli yonxibelelwano kwiseli. Amaqela entloko ye-hydrophilic ye-phospholipids, ngakumbi ezo zine-Inositol phosphates, zisebenza njengabathunywa besibini kwiNdawo yokujonga imiqondiso eyahlukeneyo. Umzekelo, i-phosphetidlinositol 4,5-i-BISPHE2 Ezi molekyuli zeLipids-subritant zibonisa indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekulawuleni amanqanaba e-caltracellium kunye neProtein Kinase C, ngaloo ndlela iqhuba iProtein C, ngaloo ndlela isebenza ngendlela eyahlukeneyo yeeselula kubandakanya ukufuduka kweseli, umahluko kunye nokufuduka.
Ngaphaya koko, phospholipid njenge phospfatidic acid (PA) kunye ne-lysopholippy ye-lyspholipps ithathelwe ingqalelo njengeempendulo ezineempendulo ezijolise ngqo kwiithagethi ezithile zeprotein. Umzekelo, u-P wenza njengomlamli ophambili ekukhuleni kweseli nokwanda ngokuqhuba iprojeki, ngelixa i-lysophophatidic acid (i-LPA) ibandakanyeka kumgaqo wama-cyokssetal, ukusinda kweseli, kunye nokufuduka. Le mimandla eyahlukeneyo yephospholipids ibalaselisa ukubaluleka kwazo malunga nokuphawula ii-capcastrate ezixineneyo ngaphakathi kweeseli ngaphakathi kweeseli.
B. Ukubandakanyeka kwePhospholipids kwi-Stosul TransUS
Ukubandakanyeka kwe-phospholipids kwindawo yokuTshintshela kweSigineli yenziwa yindima yabo ebalulekileyo ekusombululeni umsebenzi we-remgrane-edityanisiweyo, i-GPCS edityanisiweyo (i-GPCS). Emva kwe-liggund ebophelela kwi-GPCS, phospholipase c (plc) ivuliwe, ekhokelela kwi-hydrolysis ye-pip2 kunye nesizukulwana se-IP3 kunye neDag. Indogger yokukhululwa kwe-calcium evela kwivenkile ye-intracellilla, ngelixa i-DAG isebenza iProtein Kinase C, ekugqibeleni ifikelela kumgaqo wenkcazo yemfuza, ukukhula kweseli, kunye nothungelwano lwe-synaptic.
Ngapha koko, phosphemootides, iklasi ye-phospholikis, khonza njengokuthintela iisayithi zokufaka iiproteni ezibandakanya iindlela ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanywa nezo zilawula i-membrane zokurhweba kunye ne-Actien Cytoskeleton. I-phoppplaic enamandla phakathi kwe-phosphonodiides kunye neeproteni zazo ezihlaseneyo zinegalelo ekumiselweni kwendawo kunye nexeshana leminyhadala yokutyikitya, ngokwenza oko kufundisisa iiselula.
Ukuzibandakanya kwezinto ezininzi zephospholipids kwi-Plessel Translays pament kunye nendlela yokutshintshela kwindlela yokuhambisa intsingiselo njengoko imithombo ephambili yoorhulumente baseCalfostascas kunye nomsebenzi.
Iv. Iphospholipps kunye nonxibelelwano lwe-intracellillar
A. Phospholippy kwi-Intracellillar
Iphospholipids, iklasi ye-lipids equlathe iqela le-phosphate, idlala indima yokudibanisa umqondiso we-intracelling, ihenda iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zokuzibandakanya ekuzibandakanyeni kwe-cascade. Umzekelo omnye obalaseleyo yi-phossphecylinositores 4,5-Bisphosphate (i-PIP2), iphosphelipid ekwi-Plasma membrane. Ukuphendula kwi-stimuli yase-Overcellilla, i-PIP2 icocwe kwi-Inositol Trisphosphate (i-IP3) kunye neDiacylglycerol (Dag) yi-Enzyme phospholikase c (plc). Indogger yokukhululwa kwe-calcium evela kwiivenkile ze-intracellilla, ngelixa i-DAG isebenze iProtein Kinase C, ekugqibeleni ilawula imisebenzi yeselula efana nokwanda kweseli, umahluko kunye nokuhlengahlengiswa kweselula.
Ukongeza, ezinye iiphospholipps, kubandakanya i-phospfatidic acid (PA) kunye ne-lysopholipps, zichongiwe njengezigcungcuthekanga. I-PP inegalelo kummiselo wokukhula kweseli kunye nokwanda ngokuthatha amanyathelo njengento eyoyikisayo yeeprotein ezahlukeneyo. I-lysosphetidic acid (i-LPA) ivunyiwe ngokuzibandakanya kwayo kwimodyuli yokusinda kweseli, imfuduko kunye namandla e-cytomics. Ezi zinto zifunyanisiweyo zigxininisa kwindima eyahlukeneyo neyimfuneko yephospholipid njengoko zisayina iimolekyuli ngaphakathi kwiseli.
B. Ukudibana kwePhospholipids kunye neeprotein kunye nee-receptors
I-phospholipid ikwanxibelelana neeproteni ezahlukeneyo kunye nee-receptors eziya kuzimela iindlela zokubonisa iiselula. Ngokukodwa, phosphonossite, i-phosphonowistia ye-phospholikis, khonza njengamaqonga wokuqeshwa nokusebenza kweeproteni. Umzekelo, i-phosphetidlinositol i-3,4,5-iTrisphosphate (PIP3) isebenza njengolawulo olubalulekileyo lokukhula kweseli equkethe iprotheyini ye-pleckstrin (PH) ye-Pllogy, ngaloo ndlela iqala kwimicimbi enamanzi amdaka. Ngapha koko, umanyano olunamandla lwe-phospholipids ngeeproteni kunye nee-reppers ezivumela ulawulo oluchanekileyo lweziganeko ezibonisa imicimbi ebonakalayo kwiseli.
Ukudibana kwabantu abaninzi kwi-phospholipids kunye neeproteri zibonisa indima yazo ebaluleke kakhulu kwimodyuli yendlela yokuphawula i-intracelling, ekugqibeleni inegalelo kumgaqo wemisebenzi yeselula.
V. UMmiselo wePhospholipids kwiSeli
A. Enzymes kunye nemendo ebandakanyeka kwi-phospholipid metabolism
I-phospholipids ilawulwa ngokusebenzisa inethiwekhi entsundu ye-enzymes kunye nendlela, iphembelela intabalala yabo kunye nomsebenzi kwiseli. Enye indlela enjalo ibandakanya i-synthesis kunye ne-pronover ye-phospretidylinositoosikol (PI) kunye ne-Phosphorylates yayo, eyaziwa ngokuba yiphosphephoosicies. I-Phosphetidylinositol 4-Kinases kunye ne-phosphotidylinoyositol 4-Kinases zii-enzymes ze-PI kwizikhundla ze-D4 kunye ne-phosphate (i-phosphate) kunye ne-phosphotidylinositol 4,5 ngokulandelelana. Kwelinye icala, iiphossitheases, ezinjenge-phospn homolog (i-tensin), i-phorhopyhorherch phosphonodies, elawula amanqanaba abo kunye nefuthe ekutyhileni.
Ngaphaya koko, i-Deovo Synthesis yePhosphelipids, ngakumbi i-phospphotiidic acid (PA), idityaniswe yi-phospholipase ye-phospholipase d kunye ne-phoscholipase c. Ukuchaphazela iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo ezibonisa iinkqubo kunye negalelo kulondolozo lwe-seceor yeselula.
B. Impembelelo yoMthetho wePhospholipid kwiinkqubo ezibonisa iiselfowuni
Ummiselo we-phospholipids uphezulu kakhulu kwiinkqubo ezibonisa iinkqubo ngokusayina iinkqubo zemolekyuli ezibalulekileyo kunye neendlela. Umzekelo, ukutshintshwa kwepiphu2 yi-phospholipase c i-Iyositos Trisphosphate (i-IP3) kunye neDiaccylglycerol (Dag), ekhokelela ekukhutshweni kwePupein Kinase C, ngokulandelelana. Olu phawu lwe-cascade lunefuthe lokuphendula iisethi zeselula njenge-neurotransns, ukuhambisa umsipha, kunye nokusebenza kwesesali.
Ngapha koko, utshintsho kumanqanaba ePhosphenosities echaphazela ukufunyanwa kwe-EPIP equkethe imimandla ye-lipid, ifuthe elinjengeempembelelo, kunye nokufuduka kweseli. Ukongeza, ulawulo lwamanqanaba ama-Pipholipases kunye nee-phosphotheasesfsfffsff ForedIkes ye-membrane, ukukhula kweseli, kunye ne-lipid indlela yokulinganisa.
I-Prepplay phakathi kwePispid metabolism kunye neselfowuni ibonisa ukubaluleka kokumiselwa kwePspholipid ukugcinwa kweselfowuni kunye nokuphendula i-stimuli yase-Overcelilla.
VI. Ukuqukumbela
A. Isishwankathelo sendima ephambili yephospholipids kwiseli elibonisa kunye nonxibelelwano
Kwisishwankathelo, iphospholipids idlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu kwii-orchestratings zokutyikitya kunye neenkqubo zonxibelelwano kwiinkqubo zebhayiloji. Umahluko wabo kunye nokusebenza komsebenzi wenza ukuba basebenze njengabalawuli bezivelela kwiimpendulo zeselula, ngeendima eziphambili zibandakanya:
Umbutho we-membrane:
Iphospholipids formas ezisisiseko zokwakha ezikwiimpawu zeselula, ukuseka inkqubo-sikhokelo yolwakhiwo yokwahlulahlulahlulahlula iiselula kunye nokufakwa kweeproteni. Ukukwazi kwabo ukuvelisa i-mipid microsodon, njengemizobo ye-lipid, inefuthe kumbutho obonakalayo wokutsala kunye nokusebenzisana kwazo, ukubonakalisa ukuhambelana nokusebenza kakuhle.
Udluliso lwesayini:
Iphospholipids isebenza njengabaphengululi abaphambili ekutshintsheni kwemiqondiso ye-overcelling kwiimpendulo ze-intracelling. Iphosphemoosistities isebenza njengemolekyuli, ukulungisa imisebenzi yeproteni eyahlukeneyo, ngelixa i-Fitty Acids kunye ne-lysopholippy kunye ne-lysopholippy isebenza njengabasebenzi be-cascades kunye nentetho yesifo.
Imo yokubonisa imodyuli yeseli:
Iphospholipid igalelo kummiselo wokubeka osayinelweyo, olawula ulawulo kwiinkqubo ezinje ngesenzo sokwahlula kweseli, umahluko, i-Apoptosis, kunye neempendulo zokhuseleko. Ukubandakanyeka kwabo kwisizukulwana sabadlali be-biouctive, kubandakanya i-eikonoids kunye ne-spingaolds, kwakhona kubonisa ifuthe labo kwi-Islammatory, i-metabolic, kunye nenethiwekhi yomqondiso we-metapitic.
Unxibelelwano lwe-Intercular:
Iphospholiphid ikwathatha inxaxheba kunxibelelwano lwe-intercularl ngokukhutshwa kwee-lapids, ezinjenge-prostaglandins kunye ne-leukigries, elawula i-insustic, i-tissuring, kunye ne-vascular.
Igalelo elininzi le-phospholipids ukuya kwiseli elibonisa kwaye unxibelelwano lugxininisa ukubaluleka kwabo ekugcineni i-coperatis yeselula kunye nokulungelelanisa iimpendulo zomzimba.
B. Izikhombisi zexesha elizayo zophando kwi-phospholipids kwi-selmy
Njengeendima ezintsonkothileyo zephospilipids kwi-Phospholipids ezisayiniweyo ziyaqhubeka zingatyhilekiswa, iindlela ezininzi ezinomdla zophando ezivela, kubandakanya:
Iindlela zokuhambahamba:
Ukudityaniswa kweendlela zohlalutsho oluphambili, ezinjengee-ipycular kunye ne-molecular kunye ne-biology kuya kukhulisa ukuqonda kwethu ii-phospholipids zePhosphelipids kwiinkqubo zokubonisa. Ukuphonononga i-crostalk phakathi kweLipid Metabolism, ukurhweba nge-membrane, kunye nokutsala iiselula kuya kutyhila iindlela zolawulo lweNovel kunye neethagethi zonyango.
IiNkqubo zeBiologys:
Iinkqubo zokufumana iinkqubo zebhayiloji, kubandakanya nemodeli yezibalo kunye nohlalutyo lwenethiwekhi, ziyakwenza ukuba iflipuation yefuthe lehlabathi le-phospholipids kwinethiwekhi ye-Phospholiki. Ukulinganisa ukunxibelelana phakathi kweePhospholiphid, i-enzymes, kunye ne-SCREAPE PROPECIDE HOSCIDEREREGREREGREREGREGREGREGREGREREGRERECT kunye neendlela zokuphendula ezilawula ukulungisa indlela yokutsala.
Iziphumo zonyango:
Ukuphanda-phanda ngokungxama kwe-Phospholipids kwizifo, ezinje ngomhlaza, ukuphazamiseka kwe-neurodenegenege, kunye ne-metabogenes, inikezela ithuba lokuphuhlisa unyango. Ukuqonda iindima zephospholipids kwinkqubela phambili yezifo kunye nokuchonga izicwangciso zenoveli zokwenza imisebenzi yabo ithembisekile ukubaluleka kwezamayeza.
Ukuqukumbela, ulwazi oluqhubekayo lwe-phospholipids kunye nokubandakanyeka kwabo okungenabungozi kunxibelelwano olusisiseko kunye nonxibelelwano lubonisa ukubaluleka kokuphononongwa okuqhubekayo kuphando lwe-biomeds.
Izalathiso:
Balla, t. (2013). Iphosphemoosicies: i-lipids encinci enefuthe elikhulu kummiselo weseli. Uphengululo lwezinto ezemizimba, 93 (3), 1019-1137.
Dialo, G., & De Capilli, P. (2006). Iphosphonowistias kwindawo yeSoMthethweni kunye ne-membrane. Indalo, 443 (7112), 651-657.
Koooijman, EE, & Testerink, C. (2010). I-phosphotidic acid: Umdlali ovelayo ovelayo kwiseli. Imigqaliselo yesayensi yeSityalo, 15 (6), 213-20.
Hilgemann, i-DW, & Ibhola, R. (1996). Ummiselo we-Cardiac na (+), H (+) -Utshintshiselwano kunye noTyelelo kunye ne-K (ATP) I-Pottassim Chapnels ngepip2. Inzululwazi, 273 (5277), 956-959.
I-Kakranen, M., & Roux, A. (2018). Iindlela ze-Endotstos yeClathrin-i-Endocytosis. Indalo iphonononge i-biology ye-moleor, 19 (5), 313-326.
Balla, t. (2013). Iphosphemoosicies: i-lipids encinci enefuthe elikhulu kummiselo weseli. Uphengululo lwezinto ezemizimba, 93 (3), 1019-1137.
I-Albert, B., uJohnson, A., Lewis, J., Raff, M., Roberts, K. (2014). I-biology biology yeseli (6th.). Isayensi yeGarland.
I-Simons, K., & Vaz, WL (2004). Iinkqubo zemodeli, i-lipid yeerafti, kunye ne-membranes zeseli. Uvandlakanyo lonyaka lwe-biophysics kunye ne-Biomolecular, 33, 269-295.
Ixesha lokuposa: I-Dec-29 ukuya ku-3123
